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praefectus
9thJune2005, 21:46
This is the explaination I had for the ESU (as you can see, my avatar is the old ESU Double-Eagle, which was also used for another organization I started (Ordo Aquilae) ... it should suffice as a nice beginning on this Imperial symbol:

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Meaning of The Double Eagle
[by "Ursus Major"]

WHY THE DOUBLE EAGLE? To answer that, one must understand its origins. Only then he can appreciate its suitability for an organization dedicated to promoting Pan-Euro Awareness and restoring Euro-Centricity.

The Eagle, since it was made the sole totum of Rome by Gaius Marius in the waning days of the Republic, has through out the History of the West stood for Imperium: ONE foundation for government based upon Universal Law, valid for all Euro-peoples. A "universal code" should not be confused with Universal Law. A code consists of a corpus of legislation (from the Latin word lex, meaning an act made into a law, by the instition[s] empowered to do so). Universal Law is, rather the foundation for Law (sometimes called Lex Natura: Natural Law). The Roman Univeral Law [Jus, source of the English words, "just, justice"] may be summarized as follows:

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1. All laws are made by men and for men. There is no "Great Legislator in the Sky." [The sole commandment given by Euro-Indigenous Divinity was "Know Thyself!"]

2. There is no crime, unless there is a law specifically making an act a crime [nullum crimen sine lege].

3. The land belongs in usufruct to the living [jus usufructum]. ("Usufruct" means the right to enjoy, develop, and exploit, but not to the extent of destroying the usefulness to posterity. Thus destructive deforestation, pollution, or other activities which work to the detriment of posterity are contrary to Universal Law.)

4. Valid contracts between Responsible Parties bind inure [Jus Compactum]. (Thus no contract for an illegal purpose can be enforced by law; nor contracts made by those incapable of making one: minors, the mentally deficient, etc.)

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These concepts of both Universal Law and its human, rather than "divine" origin, are uniquely Euro concepts. The Roman symbol for the Primacy of Civil Law is the fasces, which like the Eagle has endured since Roman times (among the un- or misinformed being equated with "Fascism," which was simply a name given to a political system of recent time).

Roman law stands in marked contrast to both Jewish and Islamic law, which is based upon "divine revelation." When Hellenized Judaism was established as the State Religion in the Roman Empire, these fundamentally different concepts as to foundations of law were "unified" by legislating the relevant portions. (Hence Marcus Ely Ravage's superb 1928 essay on the complete conquest of the West by Judaism: "Jewish Influences.")

Through a sagacious usage of both "carrot and stick," Rome - which was legally always a city[!] - came to dominate an enormous empire. It was also the most blatant plutocracy that ever existed. Despite the massive amounts of autonomy bestowed upon the regions of the Empire, there remained the need for a common defense and the implementation of Imperial policy. In an age when communications moved by horse and oar, a centralized administration emanating from Rome proved impossible. Diocletian, one of the last pre-Christian emperors, tried to solve this problem by initiating what is called "The Dominate": Diocletian promoted Persian court ceremony (where the Shah was deemed "the Divine Vicar." "Vicar of Jove" was a title the Bosnian assumed, presaging the Pope's currently calling himself, "The Vicar of Christ." Diocletian's drastic reforms sufficed to give the Empire a new lease on life. He enjoyed an opulent retirement for twenty years. His methods were carried to even more extreme lengths by another emperor, who played both sides against the middle to emerge sole ruler. His name was Constantine.

The Roman Empire consisted of two distinct halves, roughly equal in area: the underpopulated, Latin-speaking West; and the older, much heavier populated, and much richer, Greek- speaking East. From the East had come the plethora of cults that made Rome a virtual "shopping mall" of religions, which were - to quote the great Edmund Gibbon - "deemed by the people equally true, by the philosophers equally false, and by the magistrates equally useful." A form of modified Judaism, called "Christianity," enjoyed a vogue among slaves and Rome's "Litter- Liberals" (the possessors of huge fortunes, who traveled only in litters carried by slaves), while despised by virtually everyone else. One of the most fanatical Litter-Liberals betaken with the cult was Constantine's mother, Helena.

Constantine made good use of the cult at the very onset. He adopted the XP to appeal to the Christians in the armies of his opponents. The principal one was Maxentius, who was the legitmate Emperor. At the decisive battle fought at Milvan Bridge, Constantine carried the day, and Maxentius was killed. To placate the Roman mob, Constantine completed (or renamed) a number of projects Maxentius had already started or finished, such as the magnificent baths of Maxentius, which were renamed "The Baths of Constantine."

His batty mother, Helena (later "St." Helena), went off to Judea - where there were almost no Jews: the Emperor Hardian had ordered them to leave, after Bar Kochba's revolt had exhausted Roman tolerance - where she "found" the True Cross Christ had been crucified on and the "seamless robe," which was in remarkably sound condition, for a garment 300 years old! Her son held aloof from formal acceptance of the cult (as the military loathed it, being devoted to a similar one centering around Mithra), but one aspect greatly appealed to him: consistent with its Oriental origins, Christianity taught (in accord with Jewish tradition) that the ruler was "God's anointed." To conspire against the ruler was to conspire against the Will of God. If the ruler failed in his mission, God/Christ would get rid of him. It was not a matter for mere subjects to meddle in.

Constantine went out of his way to win the favor of Rome's Christians. Legend had it that the Apostle Peter, the first Bishop of Rome, had been crucified in the old cemetery on the Vatican. Constantine built a huge basilica for the Christians on the spot: "Old St. Peter's," which lasted through the Renaissance over 1,000 years later, being torn down to accommodate the great ediface now standing there. Still, what remained of the old aristocratic families clung tenaciously to their traditions. Constantine, without formally converting to Christianity (it's said he did so on his deathbed and is a "saint" in the Eastern, but not Western church), decided to move the capital to a totally Christian locale. As there wasn't one, he created one. The ancient city of Byzantium - occupying the most strategic site in the whole Roman Empire - was "cleansed" of all non-Christian elements and renamed "Constantinople." It became the new capital of the Roman Empire. Once inside his impregnable, all-Christian capital, Constantine proclaimed Christianity as the State Religion, without penalizing those who refused to accept it, but in 331 c.e., he confiscated the treasures of other cults to reform the currency and pay for his grandiose buildings.

The new capital was in the center of the Greek-speaking half of the Empire, but Latin continued on (for several centuries) as the language of both the courts and the military. When Constantine died, he divided the Empire among his three sons. One was killed shortly after. Constans re-established Rome as his capital. His brother ruled in Constantinople. The Roman Eagle underwent a transformation: it acquired a second head, indicating two Emperors, equal in dignity and authority, but one body, as it was one Empire: the IMPERIVM ROMANVM!

Gladiator
9thJune2005, 22:01
thank you for your intellectual explanation of the two headed eagles. Since the other head of the eagle represents Constantinopoli, where modern Turkey is today, should Turkey be in the new Imperium Europa?

Florian Geyer
9thJune2005, 22:11
btw praefectus ,good post. i enjoyed that explanation

Admin
9thJune2005, 22:15
thank you for your intellectual explanation of the two headed eagles. Since the other head of the eagle represents Constantinopoli, where modern Turkey is today, should Turkey be in the new Imperium Europa?
Russia is the successor to the Roman and Byzantine empires (http://www.vivamalta.org/forum/showthread.php?t=1256).

The two heads of the eagle stand for Rome and Russia - unity between Latins/Teutons and Slavs - a true united Magna Evropa.

Correct me if I'm wrong, Praefectus.

Freedom
9thJune2005, 22:30
Russia is the successor to the Roman and Byzantine empires
Well not modern Russia but the Russian Empire (dead after WW1). And it succeeded the Byzantine Empire; it may be said that the Roman (western Empire) was succeeded by the Holy Roman Empire and also by the Habsburg Monarchy (Austrian empire).

praefectus
9thJune2005, 23:25
thank you for your intellectual explanation of the two headed eagles. Since the other head of the eagle represents Constantinopoli, where modern Turkey is today, should Turkey be in the new Imperium Europa?

No. (although the Turks tried to carry the banner of Rome, too, after sacking Constantinople .... even the Albanians got into the act and use a double-eagle ....) I think Turkey should give it back to us as a gift :-) It was Hagia Sophia before it became the Great Mosque, so they can't so a whole lot if it becomes a great library or something in the future :-)

praefectus
9thJune2005, 23:29
Russia is the successor to the Roman and Byzantine empires (http://www.vivamalta.org/forum/showthread.php?t=1256).

The two heads of the eagle stand for Rome and Russia - unity between Latins/Teutons and Slavs - a true united Magna Evropa.

Correct me if I'm wrong, Praefectus.

Yes, Russia was the "agreed" torch bearers, while Prague/Vienna (under the Habsburgs) become the Imperial "Purple Power" in the Western Empire. Both the Russian Tsar and the Habsburg Emperors recognized each other as such -- while Kaiser Wilhelm, for example, was recongnized as "The German Emperor" (ie.... his purple authority only extended over the Germans...).

Yes, a true unity that existed under the Double-Eagle until the lowest of the low (nationalists) broke up the empires into petty (and history-less and cultural-less) states ...

I await for the "Return of the King" ...

praefectus
9thJune2005, 23:32
Btw, Thanks for posting/Explaining Praefectus :)

I will read it later on cause i'm a bit tired right now :rolleyes:

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Also, I did do a couple of flags with the Two-Headed Eagle on your Avatar Praefectus:

http://www.vivamalta.org/forum/showpost.php?p=11435&postcount=3

Rosmark

pretty cool. Yeah, that'd be a cool IE flag, but that's something you Maltese will have to adopt on your own -- outsiders like me will not interfer ;-) That black on black (flag and eagle) looks ruthless -- only a fantical elite should carry that flag ;-)

européen
11thJune2005, 18:02
Most of you are wrong. The double-headed eagle is a heraldic device, just like the double-headed lion or whatever. The first connection with the Holy Roman Empire came when it was used as a background supporter for the shield (in a rather unique way, supporters are not usually placed behind the shield).

The Germanic Emperor (Imperator Romanorum - Holy Roman Emperor in English texts) was elected before being crowned. Between his election and his coronation, he carried the title "King of the Romans" (Rex Romanorum). The eagle first appeared on the arms of Frederick I Barbarossa. Until Robert de Wittelsbach, the Imperial eagle was single-headed, not double. From Sigismond of Luxemburg onwards, the Emperor's arms carried the double-headed eagle, while the King of the Romans kept the single-headed eagle. The post-1871 German Emperor used a single-headed eagle.

The Albanian double-headed eagle was the coat of arms of George Castriota "Skanderbeg" (from the Turkish title Iskander Bey, given to him by the Turks), Prince of Albania.

The double-headed eagle first appeared in Russian usage in the arms of Ivan III, Grand Duke of Muscovy, after his marriage to the Byzantine princess Sophie Paleologos, which allowed him to claim the Byzantine succession (ie. Emperor of Constantinople) (hence the double crown) after its fall in 1453.

I hope this clears up a few questions. Interesting topic, though.

Beowulf
19thSeptember2005, 08:19
I don't know which side to take about this. Preafectus has written a great post. The explenation of Rome and Costaninople makes a lot of sense. However Européen may be more historically correct.
I think there must be some missing link in histrory we know today, about this interesting subject.

Many of the Balkan kingdoms of the early middle ages carried the double headed Eagle while still being vasals of the Byzantine empire, Serbia being the most clear example, its King also being called Czar.

If the concept of the double headed eagle will be used for Imperivm Evropa, one side would symbolise Brussles (the traditional capital of the current EU), while the other would symbolise Petrograd (old capital of the Czars) representing all Eastern European cousins. (my opinion)

Regarding Byzantium / Constantinople / Istanbul. I don't know if its allready been made an issue. But we will take it back and re integrate it into Europe. Whether the Turks want it or not. They will either surrender it peacefully, or else they would face another crusade. They will have to pay for what they did in Eastern Europe the past.

Beowulf
19thSeptember2005, 08:38
This supports Preafectus post:




The "Eagle Displayed," that is, with extended wings, as if in the act of flying, has always, from the majestic character of the bird, been deemed an emblem of imperial character. Marius, the consul, first consecrated the eagle, about eight years before the Christian era, to be the sole Roman standard at the head of every legion, and hence it became the standard of the Roman Empire ever afterward.

As the single-headed eagle was adopted as the symbol of imperial power, the double-headed eagle naturally became the representative of the double empire; and on the division of the Roman dominions into the eastern and western empires, which were afterward consolidated by the Carlovingian race into what was ever after called the Holy Roman Empire, the double-headed eagle was adopted as the emblem of this double empire; one head looking, as it were, to the West, or Rome, and the other to the East, or Byzantium. Hence, the escutcheons of many persons now living, the descendants of the princes and counts of the Holy Roman Empire, are placed upon the breast of a double-headed eagle.

The German eagle has its head turned to the left, and the Roman eagle to the right. When Charlemagne was made "Kaiser of the Holy Roman Empire," he joined the two heads together, one looking east and the other west.

Upon the dissolution of that empire, the emperors of Germany, who claimed their empire to be the representative of ancient Rome, assumed the double-headed eagle as their symbol, and placed it in their arms, which were thus emblazoned. Or, an eagle displayed "sable" -- having two heads -- each enclosed within an amulet, or beaked and armed "gules," holding in his right claw a sword and scepter or, and in his left, the imperial mound. Russia also bears the double-headed eagle, having added that of Poland to her own, and this denoting a double empire. It is, however, probable that the double-headed eagle of Russia is to be traced to some assumed representation of the Holy Roman Empire based upon the claim of Russia to Byzantium; for Constantine, the Byzantine emperor, is said to have been the first who assumed this device to intimate the division of the empire into East and West.



Check this website http://www.geocities.com/stlaasr/article-08-2001.html

Einherjar
19thSeptember2005, 09:25
The Eagle: Single and Double-Headed (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-headed_eagle) (Bicephalous)

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Borzesti_Interior_view_spreaded_eagle.jpg/180px-Borzesti_Interior_view_spreaded_eagle.jpg (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Borzesti_Interior_view_spreaded_eagle.jpg) http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Borzesti_Interior_view_spreaded_eagle.jpg)



At the base of Ab-ú’s statue, found in the Old Sumerian (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer) shrine of Eshnunna (Tell Asmar), his symbol of a lion (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion)-headed eagle (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle), with outstretched wings and talons, is shown as diving down upon his prey, arranged mirror-symmetrically. The lion-headed eagle was also known as the Ningirsu (storm-bird) in the Sumerian city of Lagash and said to have appeared as one or two lion-head eagles on recently excavated historical artifacts. The two-headed eagle later was an emblem (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emblem) of twin gods depicting power (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_%28sociology%29) and omniscience (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omniscience). It appeared on monuments of the first Hittite Empire (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hittite_Empire) and was an attribute of Nergal. Another very archaic Mesopotamic symbol survived in Phonecian culture was the Gryphon (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gryphon), mythical beast with the lower body of a lion and upper body of an eagle.

[edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eagle_%28heraldry%29&action=edit&section=2)]


Symbolism

To the pagans, Eagle, with a natural head, was an emblem of Jupiter (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter), that is, god of moral law and order, protector of suppliants and punisher of guilt. Among the Druids (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druid), Eagle was a symbol of their Supreme Being. The eagle and lion of Innishowen were used as celtic druidic symbols. In 102 B.C. the Roman Consul (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consul) Marius decreed that the single head Eagle be displayed as a symbol of Imperial Rome (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Rome). It is said that when the Second Temple had been built in 20 B.C., Herod the Great (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herod_the_Great) offended the people by mounting a Roman golden eagle over the gate. When Herod died some years later, his opponents tore down the eagle. It is believed that the Prophet Mohammad (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad)’s first standard or flag in 7th century A.D. was a plain flag with no insignia on it to contradict the national standard of the opposing pagan Quraish tribe, Al-Uqaab, that had a black eagle on white background, the sacred Eagle that carried pagan prayers from Earth to the Sky.

Central Asian Turkish Shamans carried a wooden stick pole with seven or nine horizontal sticks forming stairs to an Eagle put on the top of the stick during their rituals. The eagle was regarded, for example, as a holy bird, a protective spirit, and the guardian of heaven (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heaven). It was also a symbol of potency and fertility. Eagles on tombstones (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tombstone) reflected the Shamanistic belief that the souls (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul) of the dead rose up to Heaven in the form of birds or were accompanied and protected by the eagle while traveling in the underworld and the sky. Eagle also was believed to be a carrier of prayers (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prayer) to the sky. The Altaic figures carved into rocks suggest that the eagle also was a sign of grandeur and magnificence among the Turks.

The Turkish Shamanistic (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaman) religious heritage of Asian roots survived to some extent after their acceptance of Islam (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam) and migration westwards. The metaphorical meaning of the name of Tougrul Beig (993-1063 A.D.) who founded the Seljuk (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seljuk) State as its foremost commander was “Eagle”. The spirit of the Türkmen is accepted as 'horse (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse)' in the fifth and as “eagle” in the third period.

At the time of Seljuks (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seljuk), the existence of the Sumerian and Hittite peoples and languages was not suspected. The first major excavations leading to the discovery of such civilizations and their remnants were conducted only after the mid 19th century.

[edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eagle_%28heraldry%29&action=edit&section=3)]


Twin Headed Eagle and the Turks

The Seljuk Turks emigrating from Central Asia occupied Baghdad (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad) in 1055 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1055) and Tougrul captured Mosul, and upon returning to Baghdad in 1058 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1058) was given the title of the '’King of the East and West'’. The Seljuks were even more anxious to have their rule legitimized: seen as aliens they were unpopular with the townsfolk of Persia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Empire) and Iraq (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq), and Tougrul's investiture by the Caliph (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliph) in 1058, in a magnificent ceremony during which two crowns were held over his head as symbols of his regal authority over East and West, confirmed that the he now was the Commander of the Faithful. At the time the double-headed eagle became his and the Seljuk state’s coat of arms and flag, one head symbolizing the east and the other one symbolizing the west. As the Seljuk Empire’s insignia, the twin-headed eagle appears in Turkish coins (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coin) from 11th century and onwards as well as a number of architectural remains scattered in central and east Anatolia. These architechural remains also depict palm trees under bicephalous eagle as the tree of life, symbolizing peace and prosperity. Seljuk Turkish Sultans’ use of references to the east and the west as well as the palm tree of life were inspired by the passages in Quran:

“And the pains of childbirth drove Mary to the trunk of a palm-tree: She cried in her anguish: 'Ah! would that I had died before this! would that I had been a thing forgotten and out of sight!' But (a voice) cried to her from beneath the palm-tree: 'Grieve not! for thy Lord hath provided a rivulet beneath thee. And shake towards thyself the trunk of the palm-tree: It will let fall fresh ripe dates upon thee. So eat and drink and cool thine eye. And if thou dost see any man, say, 'I have vowed a fast to Most Gracious, and this day will I enter into not talk with any human being'. At length she brought the (baby Jesus (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus)) to her people, carrying him in her arms. They said: 'O Mary! truly an amazing thing hast thou brought!' (19:23-27) (Moses) said (to the Pharoah): 'He is the god of the East and the West, and all between; if you only had sense'( 28:28) Now I do call to witness the Lord of all points in the East and the West (70:40) (He is) Lord of the East and the West: there is no god but He: take Him therefore for (thy) Disposer of Affairs (73:9)”.

Seljuk Turks, led by AlpArslan whose name meant "a valiant lion" and who was the nephew of Tougrul Beg, captured Jerusalem (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem) from the Egyptians in 1071 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1071), the same year as they entered Anatolia through Manzikert, introducing to the localities the bicephalous eagle standard of Seljuks of Rum (Roma) which transacended to generations from subsequent interface of nations through the crusades.

Turkish dynasties had also emerged in the middle east as a result of the policy of Abbasi caliphate that provided the excessive employment of Turkish commanders and soldiers in the army. One of the dynasties established by the Turks (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turks) is the Eyyubi State (1171-1252) named after the father of Selahaddin, Eyyub, as the founder. Selahaddin, born to a Turkish mother, came as a commander appointed by the Tutor of Mosul. His family members had the ancient Turkish names such as Selahaddin's brothers Turanshah,Tugtekin and Böri. His wife, Amine, the daughter of Unar Beig, was also Turk. Eyyubi dynasty had followed the Turkish traditions and included the eagle as their emblem on a yellow colored flag.

[edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eagle_%28heraldry%29&action=edit&section=4)]


Royal Heraldry

The first known use of the eagle as the arms of the Emperor or the Empire by the West is a coin, minted in Maastricht (the Netherlands), dating from between 1172 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1172) and 1190 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1190) after contacts via the crusades. It shows a single-headed eagle (http://www.ngw.nl/int/dld/duitslan.htm (http://www.ngw.nl/int/dld/duitslan.htm)). The double-headed Seljuk Eagle later became the symbol of the Emperor Michael VIII Paliologos, the last Greek-speaking "Roman" (i.e. Byzantine (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_%28name%29)) to rule from Constantinople. Paliologos recaptured Constantinople from the Crusaders in 1261 and adopted the double-headed eagle as his symbol of the dynasty's interests in both Asia and Europe. It represented looking towards the East (Asia Minor, traditional power center of the Byzantine-government in exile after the IVth Crusade) and the West (newly reconquered land in Europe) centered on Constantinople (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople).

Charles the Great, (Charlemagne (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlemagne) in French or Karl Der Große in german), was a Frankish ruler as the first Holy Roman Emperor (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor) from 800 - 814 A.D. in days when no 'France' or 'Germany' existed. He had the statue of a black eagle with single head placed on top of his palace in Aachen (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aachen). A frequently encountered misquote, mostly by copy circulation on the world wide web is “When Charlemagne was made “Kaiser of the Holy Roman Empire”, he joined the two heads together, one looking east and the other west, thus symbolizing the union of these two powers.” There is no printed or built genuine material left from his time showing any evidence of his use of a double-head eagle as his coat of arms. A stained glass (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stained_glass) artwork found in a later period church reflects the adaptation of his symbols as artists’ representation expressed much later than Charlemagne’s reign, showing half of the body of a single-head black eagle as the symbol of the German emperors next to a fleur-de-lis (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleur-de-lis) as the symbol of the kings of France in two halves of a shield, as the sign of dichotomy of his reign, and that is not considered a chronologically accurate evidence that he might indeed have used a double-head eagle as his crest at his time (http://www.charlemagne.net (http://www.charlemagne.net/)).

The first mention of a double-headed eagle in the West dates from 1250 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1250) in a roll of arms of Matthew of Paris for Emperor Friedrich II (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_II). In Russia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia) it was Ivan Basilovitz who first assumed the two-headed eagle, when, in 1472 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1472), he married Sophia, daughter of Thomas Palæologus, and niece of Constantine XIV (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constantine_XIV&action=edit), the last Emperor of Byzantium. The two heads symbolised the Eastern or Byzantine Empire and the Western or Roman Empire.

From Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle_%28heraldry%29)